Central European Business Review X:X | DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.406
the Impact of Job Satisfaction on Job Performance in Remote Work Contexts: An Empirical Investigation Using the JD-R Model
- 1 National Economics University, Faculty of Management Science, 207 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: yenmh@neu.edu.vn (corresponding author)
- 2 National Economics University, Faculty of Management Science, 207 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: tranthicuonghr@gmail.com
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has propelled many employees to perform work from home (WFH), which has been enabled by rapid digital advancements and the integration of technology into daily workflows. This paper aims to explore the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance for employees working from home in Vietnam due to remote work policies implemented by European enterprises. Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, the research model is proposed. Accordingly, hypotheses are developed, and this study applies a quantitative analysis with a research sample of 256 employees from European multinational enterprises now working remotely in Vietnam. The questionnaire includes close-ended questions sent to these employees via e-mail between January and June of 2023. The collected data are then processed and analyzed by SPSS v.22. The study applies Cronbach’s Alpha as a tool for assessing the reliability or internal consistency of scales. The following is the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the regression analysis. The research findings indicate that higher job satisfaction levels are a significant predictor of higher perceived job performance when working fully remotely in Vietnam for European enterprises.
Implications for Central European audience: This study's insights on managing remote workforces in a developing country context can guide Central European enterprises in tailoring their remote work strategies when expanding their businesses into Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, where the trend of remote work is on the rise. It emphasizes the significance of comprehending local dynamics and meeting employee needs to improve job satisfaction and performance in remote work environments.
Keywords: job attitudes; job performance; job satisfaction; remote work; working from home
Received: November 17, 2024; Revised: March 11, 2025; Accepted: April 7, 2025; Prepublished online: June 20, 2025
References
- Alassaf, P., El-assaf, B. M., & Szalay, Z. G. (2023). Worker's Satisfaction and Intention toward Working from Home-Foreign Non-EU Citizens vs. National Workers' Approach: Case Study of Central European Countries (Visegrád Group (V4)). Administrative Sciences, 13(3), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030088
Go to original source...
- Alipour, J. V., Fadinger, H., & Schymik, J. (2020). My home is my castle: The benefits of working from home during a pandemic crisis. Evidence from Germany (ifo Working Paper No. 329). ifo Institute. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104373
Go to original source...
- Alipour, J. V., Falck, O., & Schüller, S. (2023). Germany's capacity to work from home. European Economic Review, 151: 104354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104354
Go to original source...
- Amponsah-Tawiah, K., Annor, F., & Arthur, B. G. (2016). Linking commuting stress to job satisfaction and turnover intention: The mediating role of burnout. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 31(2), 104-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2016.1159518
Go to original source...
- Anakpo, G., Nqwayibana, Z., & Mishi, S. (2023). The Impact of Work-from-Home on Employee Performance and Productivity: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(5): 4529. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054529
Go to original source...
- Anh, T., Binh, T., Long, N., Ai, T., Tan, K., & Van, N. (2022). Strategic Vision for the Implementation of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the Vietnamese Context. International Journal of Technology, 13(5), 958-968. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i5.5838
Go to original source...
- Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(4), 383-400. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.144
Go to original source...
- Baker, E., Avery, G. C., & Crawford, J. D. (2007). Satisfaction and perceived productivity when professionals work from home. Research & Practice in Human Resource Management. 15(1), 37-62. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/6434
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Go to original source...
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
Go to original source...
- Befort, N., & Hattrup, K. (2003). Valuing task and contextual performance: Experience, job roles, and ratings of the importance of job behaviors. Applied HRM Research, 8(1), 17-32
- Bello, I. (2018). Analysis and intervention tarGetinG risks to the health and inteGrity of Workers: latin american and caribbean exPeriences. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 16(S1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.5327/Z16794435201816S1004
Go to original source...
- Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly journal of economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
Go to original source...
- Choukir, J., Alqahtani, M. S., Khalil, E., & Mohamed, E. (2022). Effects of working from home on job performance: Empirical evidence in the Saudi context during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(6), 3216. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063216
Go to original source...
- Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management science, 32(5), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554
Go to original source...
- Danilova, K. B., Ulfsten, A., Eikebrokk, T. R., Iden, J., Johannessen, T. V. & Johanson, D. (2023). Explaining individual job performance in work from home (WFH) arrangements. Information Technology & People, 36(5), 1915-1938. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-01-2021-0039
Go to original source...
- Davidescu, A. A. M., Apostu, S. A., Strat, V. A., Scrãdeanu, A. I., Zgurã, I. D., & Horga, M. G. (2021). The Impact of Teleworking on Romanian Employees' Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence Based on Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Logistic Regression. Amfiteatru Economic, 23(58), 637-653. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2021/58/637
Go to original source...
- Debnath, T. (2023). Work-From-Home Provides Benefits to Family and Workplace that Impact on Job Satisfaction: An Evidence from Bangladesh. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 1(3), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajiri.v1i3.1118
Go to original source...
- Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home?. Journal of public economics, 189: 104235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235
Go to original source...
- Dudasova, L., Vaculik, M., Prochazka, J., Svitavska, P., & Patton, G. (2023). Causality of the satisfaction-performance relationship: A task experiment. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 19(3), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.4075
Go to original source...
- Easton, S., & Van Laar, D. (2018). User manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale: a measure of quality of working life. University of Portsmouth. https://doi.org/10.17029/EASTON2018.
Go to original source...
- Ertekin, A. B., & Avunduk, Y. (2021). The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Study on Sports Industry. Journal of Educational Issues, 7(2), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v7i2.18949.
Go to original source...
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Addison-Wesley.
- Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of applied psychology, 92(6), 1524-1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
Go to original source...
- Gibson, J. W., Blackwell, C. W., Dominicis, P., & Demerath, N. (2002). Telecommuting in the 21st century: Benefits, issues, and a leadership model which will work. Journal of Leadership studies, 8(4), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200800
Go to original source...
- Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., & Velilla, J. (2018). The commuting behavior of workers in the United States: differences between the employed and the self-employed. Journal of transport geography, 66, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.011
Go to original source...
- Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., & Märtinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of vocational behavior, 63(2), 220-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00042-3
Go to original source...
- Hutajulu, R. S. (2021). Evaluating the impact of "work from home policy" on job performance (Study Case in Indonesia). International journal of Indonesian society and culture, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v13i1.28436.
Go to original source...
- IAB-FORUM (2020), Homeoffice Braucht Klare Regeln. Retrieved from https://www.iab-forum.de/homeoffice-braucht-klare-regeln/
- Jaafar, N. A., & Rahim, R. A. (2022). Telecommuting and employee productivity: Mediating role of work-family conflict and autonomy. Proceedings, 82(1): 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082084
Go to original source...
- Jamal, M. T., Alalyani, W. R., Thoudam, P., Anwar, I., & Bino, E. (2021). Telecommuting during COVID 19: A moderated-mediation approach linking job resources to job satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(20): 11449. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011449
Go to original source...
- Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
Go to original source...
- Kwon, J. M., Lee, S. Y., Jeon, K. H., Lee, Y., Kim, K. H., Park, J., ... & Lee, M. M. (2020). Deep learning-based algorithm for detecting aortic stenosis using electrocardiography. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(7): e014717. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014717
Go to original source...
- Lawler, E. E., & Porter, L. W. (1967). The effect of performance on job satisfaction. Industrial relations, 7(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1967.tb01060.x
Go to original source...
- Lengen, J. C., Kordsmeyer, A. C., Rohwer, E., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2021). Soziale Isolation im Homeoffice im Kontext der COVID-19-Pandemie: Hinweise für die Gestaltung von Homeoffice im Hinblick auf soziale Bedürfnisse. Zentralblatt Fur Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz Und Ergonomie, 71(2), 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40664-020-00410
Go to original source...
- Locke, E. A. (1970). Job satisfaction and job performance: A theoretical analysis. Organizational behavior and human performance, 5(5), 484-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(70)90036-X
Go to original source...
- Marôco, A. L., Nogueira, F., Gonçalves, S. P., & Marques, I. C. (2022). Work-Family Interface in the Context of Social Responsibility: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(5): 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053091
Go to original source...
- Martin, L., Hauret, L., & Fuhrer, C. (2022). Digitally transformed home office impacts on job satisfaction, job stress and job productivity. COVID-19 findings. Plos one, 17(3): e0265131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265131
Go to original source...
- Michael-Tsabari, N., Houshmand, M., Strike, V. M., & Efrat Treister, D. (2020). Uncovering implicit assumptions: Reviewing the work-family interface in family business and offering opportunities for future research. Family Business Review, 33(1), 64-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/089448651989978
Go to original source...
- Mingardi, M., Pluchino, P., Bacchin, D., Rossato, C., & Gamberini, L. (2020). Assessment of Implicit and Explicit Measures of Mental Workload in Working Situations: Implications for Industry 4.0. Applied Sciences, 10(18): 6416. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186416
Go to original source...
- Moens, E., Lippens, L., Sterkens, P., Weytjens, J., & Baert, S. (2022). The COVID-19 crisis and telework: a research survey on experiences, expectations and hopes. The European Journal of Health Economics, 23(4), 729-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01392-z
Go to original source...
- Möhring, K., Naumann, E., Reifenscheid, M., Wenz, A., Rettig, T., Krieger, U., ... & Blom, A. G. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family. European Societies, 23(S1), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833066
Go to original source...
- Ngo, T. T. (2021). Impact of psychological capital on job performance and job satisfaction: A case study in Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0495
Go to original source...
- Niebuhr, F., Borle, P., Börner-Zobel, F., & Voelter-Mahlknecht, S. (2022). Healthy and happy working from home? Effects of working from home on employee health and job satisfaction. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3): 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031122
Go to original source...
- Nilles, J. M. (1988). Traffic reduction by telecommuting: A status review and selected bibliography. Transportation Research Part A: General, 22(4), 301-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(88)90008-8
Go to original source...
- OECD (2020). Productivity gains from teleworking in the post COVID-19 era: how can public policies make it happen?. OECD Publishing.
- Olafsen, A., & Halvari, H. (2017). Motivational Mechanisms in the Relation between Job Characteristics and Employee Functioning. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2017.34
Go to original source...
- Paulin, M., Lachance-Grzela, M., & McGee, S. (2017). Bringing work home or bringing family to work: Personal and relational consequences for working parents. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 38, 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9524-9
Go to original source...
- Prodanova, J., & Kocarev, L. (2021). Is job performance conditioned by work-from-home demands and resources?. Technology in Society, 66: 101672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101672
Go to original source...
- PwC (2021). Vietnam digital readiness report: PwC Vietnam's survey on technology, jobs, and skills. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/vn/en/publications/vietnam-publications/digital-readiness.html
- Q&Me (2023). Remote work preference during Covid-19. Retrieved from https://qandme.net/en/report/remote-work-preference-during-covid-19.html
- Qu, J., & Yan, J. (2023). Working from home vs working from office in terms of job performance during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: evidence from China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 61(1), 196-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12353
Go to original source...
- Rinny, P., Purba, C. B., & Handiman, U. T. (2020). The influence of compensation, job promotion, and job satisfaction on employee performance of Mercubuana University. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 5(2), 39-48.
- Riyanto, S., Endri, E., & Herlisha, N. (2021). Effect of work motivation and job satisfaction on employee performance: Mediating role of employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.14
Go to original source...
- Smirnykh, L. (2023). Working from home and job satisfaction: evidence from Russia, International Journal of Manpower, 45(3), 539-561. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2023-0089
Go to original source...
- Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2002). Performance concepts and performance theory. In S. Sonnentag (Ed.), Psychological management of individual performance (pp. 3-25). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013419.ch1
Go to original source...
- Sostero, M., Milasi, S., Hurley, J., Fernandez-Macias, E., & Bisello, M. (2023). Teleworkability and the COVID-19 crisis: potential and actual prevalence of remote work across Europe. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 13(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2023-0006
Go to original source...
- Standen, P., & Omari, M. (1997). Homework and telework: a guide to best practice in human resource management. Edith Cowan University.
- Steward, B. (2000). Changing times: The meaning, measurement and use of time in teleworking. Time & Society, 9(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X00009001004
Go to original source...
- Suh, A., & Lee, J. (2017). Understanding teleworkers' technostress and its influence on job satisfaction. Internet research, 27(1), 140-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2015-0181
Go to original source...
- Sunita, C. (2023). Work from Home and Job Satisfaction among IT Professionals in Chennai: An Empirical Analysis. Quing: International Journal of Commerce and Management, 3(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.54368/qijcm.3.1.0017
Go to original source...
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). The job demands-resources model. In S. Clarke, T. M. Probst, F. Guldenmund, & J. Passmore (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of occupational safety and workplace health (pp. 155-180). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118979013.ch8
Go to original source...
- Thi Kim Phung Dang. (2023). Job satisfaction during Covid-19 social distancing: The case of teleworkers in Vietnam. Central European Management Journal, 31(2), 509-523. https://scispace.com/pdf/job-satisfaction-during-covid-19-social-distancing-the-case-3lvgc098.pdf
- Timsal, A., & Awais, M. (2016). Flexibility or ethical dilemma: an overview of the work from home policies in modern organizations around the world. Human Resource Management International Digest, 24(7), 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-03-2016-0027
Go to original source...
- Toscano, F., González-Romá, V., & Zappalà, S. (2024). The influence of working from home vs. working at the office on job performance in a hybrid work arrangement: A diary study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(2), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09970-7
Go to original source...
- Tri, N., & Nhe, D. (2021). Impact of Industrial Revolution 4.0 on the Labor Market in Vietnam. Research in World Economy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n1p94.
Go to original source...
- Vietnam Briefing News (2023). Vietnam's New Normal: The Hybrid Work Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/vietnams-new-normal-hybrid-work-strategy.html/.
- Vitoria, B. D. A., Ribeiro, M. T., & Carvalho, V. S. (2022). The work-family interface and the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13: 914474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914474
Go to original source...
- Wanous, J. P. (1974). A causal-correlational analysis of the job satisfaction and performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(2), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036532
Go to original source...
- Weill, P., & Olson, M. H. (1989). An assessment of the contingency theory of management information systems. Journal of management information systems, 6(1), 59-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1989.11517849
Go to original source...
- Wheatley, D. (2012). Good to be home? Time-use and satisfaction levels among home-based teleworkers. New Technology, Work and Employment, 27(3), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2012.00289.x
Go to original source...
- Yucel, D. (2018). Job Autonomy and Schedule Flexibility as Moderators of the Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict and Work-Related Outcomes. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14, 1393-1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11482-018-9659-3
Go to original source...
- Yuliati, L., Smith, P. A. W., & Prasetyaningtyas, S. W. (2023). The Influence of Flexible Working Hours, Work From Home, Work Stress, and Salary on Employee Performance at PT Armada Auto Tara during COVID-19 Pandemic. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 4(3), 402-413. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.asci1619
Go to original source...
- Zöllner, K., & Sulíková, R. (2021). Teleworking and its influence on job satisfaction. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 2021: 558863. http://doi.org/10.5171/2021.558863
Go to original source...
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.