Central European Business Review 2023, 12(2):37-59 | DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.320

Influence of Organizational Contingencies on Financial Performance: Mediating Role of Crisis Management

Ali Shakir Zaidan1, Khai Wah Khaw ORCID...2, Chew XinYing ORCID...3, Alhamzah Alnoor ORCID...4, Yuvaraj Ganesan ORCID...5, Abdullah Mohammed Sadaa ORCID...6
1 Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Management, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, sha3883@student.usm.my
2 Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Management, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, khaiwah@usm.my
3 Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Computer Sciences, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, xinying@usm.my
4 Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Management, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Southern Technical University, Management Technical College, Basrah, Iraq, Alhamzah.malik@stu.edu.iq
5 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Graduate School of Business, Penang, Malaysia, yuvaraj@usm.my
6 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Graduate School of Business, Penang, Malaysia, abdalluhmohammed1995@gmail.com

This study aims to understand the impact of organizational contingencies such as organizational culture, human resource policies and inter-organizational linkage on financial performance, using the mediating role of crisis management in energy companies in Iraq. To this end, structural equation modelling (SEM) was adopted to test the causal relationships between the study variables. An exploratory design (i.e., a questionnaire) was used to collect data from 379 workers in energy companies in Iraq. The results of this study indicate that organizational contingencies affect financial performance. Besides, crisis management provides complete mediation of the relationship between organizational contingencies and financial performance. From the practitioner's point of view, leaders and practitioners should encourage a creative culture and idea generation to give members enough power to act and focus on goals that support building sustainable organizational capacity.
Implications for Central European audience: The findings of this study contribute to providing academics and practitioners with a deep insight into the antecedents of financial performance to develop practices and policies that increase performance. 

Keywords: Crisis management; financial performance; organizational contingencies; human resource policies
JEL classification: L2, M1, M2

Received: April 11, 2022; Revised: September 15, 2022; Accepted: September 23, 2022; Prepublished online: November 17, 2022; Published: May 25, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Zaidan, A.S., Khaw, K.W., XinYing, C., Alnoor, A., Ganesan, Y., & Sadaa, A.M. (2023). Influence of Organizational Contingencies on Financial Performance: Mediating Role of Crisis Management. Central European Business Review, 12(2), 37-59. doi: 10.18267/j.cebr.320
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abdulaali, A. R., Alnoor, A., & Eneizan, B. (2019). A multi-level study of influence financial knowledge management small and medium enterprises. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 19(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2019.19.1.02. Go to original source...
    2. Abdullah, H., Thajil, K., Alnoor, A., Al-Abrrow, H., Khaw, K. W., Chew, X. Y., & Sadaa, A. (2022). Predicting determinants of use mobile commerce through modelling non-linear relationships. Central European Business Review, 11 (in press). https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.306. Go to original source...
    3. Abuzarqa, R. (2019). The relationship between organizational culture, risk management and organizational performance. Journal Cross Cultural Management, 21(1), 13-20.
    4. Adeinat, I. M., & Abdulfatah, F. H. (2019). Organizational culture and knowledge management processes: case study in a public university. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 49(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-05-2018-0041. Go to original source...
    5. Ahmed, M. G., Aldhaher, A. A. A., Abdulkdhim, B. T., & Sadaa, A. M. (2021b). Sustainable supply chain's effect on competitive performance, a case study in al basrah oil company. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25, 1-17.‏
    6. Ahmed, M. G., Ganesan, Y., Hashim, F., & Sadaa, A. M. (2021a). The effect of chairman tenure on governance and earnings management: A case study in Iraq. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 1205-1215.‏ https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.1205. Go to original source...
    7. AL-Abrrow, H., Al-Maatoq, M., Alharbi, R. K., Alnoor, A., Abdullah, H. O., Abbas, S., & Khattak, Z. Z. (2021). Understanding employees' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: The attractiveness of healthcare jobs. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 40(2), 19-33.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22070. Go to original source...
    8. AL-Abrrow, H., Alnoor, A., Ismail, E., Eneizan, B., & Makhamreh, H. Z. (2019). Psychological contract and organizational misbehavior: Exploring the moderating and mediating effects of organizational health and psychological contract breach in Iraqi oil tanks company. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1683123.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1683123. Go to original source...
    9. Alagaraja, M. (2013). HRD and HRM perspectives on organizational performance: A review of literature. Human resource development review, 12(2), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312450868- Go to original source...
    10. Albahri, A. S., Alnoor, A., Zaidan, A. A., Albahri, O. S., Hameed, H., Zaidan, B. B., & Yass, A. A. (2022a). Hybrid artificial neural network and structural equation modelling techniques: a survey. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 8(2), 1781-1801.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00503-w. Go to original source...
    11. Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., Albahri, A. S., Alsattar, H. A., Mohammed, R., Aickelin, U., Kou, G., Jumaah, FM., Salih M. M., Alamoodi, A. H., Zaidan, B.B., Alazab, M., Alnoor, A., & Al-Obaidi, J. R. (2022b). Novel dynamic fuzzy decision-making framework for COVID-19 vaccine dose recipients. Journal of advanced research, 37, 147-168.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.009. Go to original source...
    12. Aleixo, A. M., Leal, S., & Azeiteiro, U. M. (2018). Conceptualization of sustainable higher education institutions, roles, barriers, and challenges for sustainability: An exploratory study in Portugal. Journal of cleaner production, 172, 1664-1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.010. Go to original source...
    13. Al-Khatib, M. (2010). Financial Performance and Its Impact on Corporate Stock Returns. 1st ed. Amman, Jordan: Al-Hamed House for Publishing and Distribution.
    14. Alnoor, A. M., Al-Abrrow, H., Abdullah, H., & Abbas, S. (2020). The impact of self-efficacy on employees' ability to accept new technology in an Iraqi university. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 39(2), 41-50.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21984. Go to original source...
    15. Alnoor, A., Al-Abrrow, H., Al Halbusi, H., Khaw, K. W., Chew, X., Al-Maatoq, M., & Alharbi, R. K. (2022b). Uncovering the antecedents of trust in social commerce: an application of the non-linear artificial neural network approach. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 32(3), 492-523. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-04-2021-0051. Go to original source...
    16. Alnoor, A., Tiberius, V., Atiyah, A., Khaw, K. W., Yin, T., Chew, X., & Sammar, A., & Abbas, S. (2022c). How Positive and Negative Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) Affects Customers' Intention to Use Social Commerce? A Dual-Stage Multi Group-SEM and ANN Analysis. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (in press).‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2125610. Go to original source...
    17. Alnoor, A., Zaidan, A. A., Qahtan, S., Alsattar, H. A., Mohammed, R. T., Khai, W.K, Alazab, M., The, S.Y., & Albahri, A. S. (2022a). Toward a Sustainable Transportation Industry: Oil Company Benchmarking based on the Extension of Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Rough Sets and Multicriteria Decision-Making Methods. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2022.3182778. Go to original source...
    18. Alsalem, M. A., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., Al-Obaidi, J. R., Alnoor, A., Alamoodi, A. H., & Jumaah, F. M. (2022b). Rescuing emergency cases of COVID-19 patients: An intelligent real-time MSC transfusion framework based on multicriteria decision-making methods. Applied Intelligence, 52, 1-25.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02813-5. Go to original source...
    19. Alsalem, M. A., Mohammed, R., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., Alamoodi, A. H., Dawood, K., & Jumaah, F. (2022a). Rise of multiattribute decision-making in combating COVID-19: A systematic review of the state-of-the-art literature. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 37(6), 3514-3624.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22699. Go to original source...
    20. Amhalhal, A., Anchor, J., & Dastgir, S. (2015). The effectiveness of the use of multiple performance measures: The influence of organizational contingencies. In EURAM 15th Annual Conference.
    21. Atshan, N. A., Al-Abrrow, H., Abdullah, H. O., Khaw, K. W., Alnoor, A., & Abbas, S. (2022). The effect of perceived organizational politics on responses to job dissatisfaction: the moderating roles of self-efficacy and political skill. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 41(2), 43-54.‏ https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22141. Go to original source...
    22. Balkin, D. B., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1990). Matching compensation and organizational strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 153-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250110207. Go to original source...
    23. Barrena-Martínez, J., López-Fernández, M., & Romero-Fernández, P. M. (2017). Socially responsible human resource policies and practices: Academic and professional validation. European research on management and business economics, 23(1), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2016.05.001. Go to original source...
    24. Barrena-Martínez, J., López-Fernández, M., & Romero-Fernández, P. M. (2019). Towards a configuration of socially responsible human resource management policies and practices: Findings from an academic consensus. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(17), 2544-2580. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1332669. Go to original source...
    25. Beekun, R. I., & Ginn, G. O. (1993). Business strategy and interorganizational linkages within the acute care hospital industry: an expansion of the Miles and Snow typology. Human Relations, 46(11), 1291-1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304601102. Go to original source...
    26. Begley, T. M., & Boyd, D. P. (2000). Articulating corporate values through human resource policies. Business Horizons, 43(4), 8-8. Go to original source...
    27. Bititci, U. S., Carrie, A. S., & McDevitt, L. (1997). Integrated performance measurement systems: a development guide. International journal of operations & production management, 17(5), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579710167230. Go to original source...
    28. Blanco-Mazagatos, V., de Quevedo-Puente, E., & Delgado-Garcia, J.B. (2018). Human resource practices and organizational human capital in the family firm: the effect of generational stage. Journal of Business Research, 84, 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.017. Go to original source...
    29. Bowers, M.R., Hall, J. R., & Srinivasan, M. M. (2017). Organizational culture and leadership style: the missing combination for selecting the right leader for effective crisis management. Business Horizons, 60(4), 551-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2017.04.001. Go to original source...
    30. Bramanti, A., Rocha, H., & Redelico, F. O. (2020). Inter-organizational forms and impacts in commodity sectors: A review and integration. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 123025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123025. Go to original source...
    31. Bulińska-Stangrecka, H., & Iddagoga, Y. A. (2020). The relationship between inter-organizational trust and employee engagement and performance. Academy of Management, 4(1), 8-25.
    32. Busu, M., & Cimpan, B. (2014). Undertakings' compliance programs in european union countries. In Proceedings of the International Management Conference, 8(1), 1011-1018. Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
    33. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
    34. Chandani, A., Mehta, M., Mall, A., & Khokhar, V. (2016). Employee engagement: A review paper on factors affecting employee engagement. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(15), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i15/92145. Go to original source...
    35. Chang, S. E., & Lin, C. S. (2007). Exploring organizational culture for information security management. Industrial management & data systems, 107(3), 438-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570710734316. Go to original source...
    36. Chang, S.-I. (2012). Study on human resource management in Korea's chaebol enterprise: a case study of Samsung Electronics. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(7), 1436-1461. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.579922. Go to original source...
    37. Chang, Y. H., Yeh, C. H., & Wu, P. S. (2018). Evaluating airline crisis management performance: The cases of flights GE222 and GE235 crash accidents. Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.017. Go to original source...
    38. Comfort, L. K. (2007). Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control. Public Administration Review, 67, 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00827.x. Go to original source...
    39. Coombs, W. T., & Laufer, D. (2018). Global crisis management-current research and future directions. Journal of International Management, 24(3), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2017.12.003. Go to original source...
    40. Cygler, J., & Wyka, S. (2019). Internal barriers to international R&D cooperation: The case of Polish high tech firms. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 7(1), 25-45.
    41. Daft, R. L., & Marcic, D. (2016). Understanding management. Canada: Cengage Learning.
    42. d'Arcimoles, C. H. (1997). Human resource policies and company performance: a quantitative approach using longitudinal data. Organization studies, 18(5), 857-874. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069701800508. Go to original source...
    43. Deepu, T. S., & Ravi, V. (2021). Supply chain digitalization: An integrated MCDM approach for inter-organizational information systems selection in an electronic supply chain. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100038. Go to original source...
    44. Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization science, 6(2), 204-223. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204. Go to original source...
    45. Donate, M.J., Pena, I., & de Pablo, J.D. (2016). HRM practices for human and social capital development: effects on innovation capabilities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(9), 928-953. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1047393. Go to original source...
    46. Durst, S., Hinteregger, C., & Zieba, M. (2019). The linkage between knowledge risk management and organizational performance. Journal of Business Research, 105, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.08.002. Go to original source...
    47. Eneizan, B. M., abdelqader Alsakarneh, A. A., AL-kharabsheh, K. A., Hadi, A. A., & Alnoor, A. (2019a). An investigation into the relationship between emotional labor and customer satisfaction. Central European Management Journal, 27(4), 23-47.‏ https://doi.org/10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.8. Go to original source...
    48. Eneizan, B., Mohammed, A. G., Alnoor, A., Alabboodi, A. S., & Enaizan, O. (2019b). Customer acceptance of mobile marketing in Jordan: An extended UTAUT2 model with trust and risk factors. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 11.‏ https://doi.org/10.1177/1847979019889484. Go to original source...
    49. Gaur, A. S., Mukherjee, D., Gaur, S. S., & Schmid, F. (2011). Environmental and firm level influences on inter-organizational trust and SME performance. Journal of Management studies, 48(8), 1752-1781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01011.x. Go to original source...
    50. Ghaharian, K., Abarbanel, B., Soligo, M., & Bernhard, B. (2021). Crisis management practices in the hospitality and gambling industry during COVID-19. International Hospitality Review, 35(2), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-08-2020-0037. Go to original source...
    51. González-Rodríguez, M. R., Martín-Samper, R. C., Köseoglu, M. A., & Okumus, F. (2019). Hotels' corporate social responsibility practices, organizational culture, firm reputation, and performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(3), 398-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1585441. Go to original source...
    52. Ha, V. D. (2020). Impact of organizational culture on the accounting information system and operational performance of small and medium sized enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(2), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO2.301. Go to original source...
    53. Herbane, B. (2013). Exploring crisis management in UK small-and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 21(2), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12006. Go to original source...
    54. Hilmi, H., Zarkasyi, W., Sueb, M., & Tanzil, N. D. (2021). Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Triple Bottom Line Concepts on the Company's Financial Performance: Empirical Studies in Manufacturing and Mining Companies. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(2), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11190. Go to original source...
    55. Imran, M., Ismail, F., Arshad, I., Zeb, F., & Zahid, H. (2021). The mediating role of innovation in the relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance in Pakistan's banking sector. Journal of Public Affairs, e2717. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2717. Go to original source...
    56. Israeli, A. A., Mohsin, A., & Kumar, B. (2011). Hospitality crisis management practices: The case of Indian luxury hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.06.009. Go to original source...
    57. Ivanov, S. H., Webster, C., Stoilova, E., & Slobodskoy, D. (2022). Biosecurity, crisis management, automation technologies and economic performance of travel, tourism and hospitality companies-A conceptual framework. Tourism Economics, 28(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620946541. Go to original source...
    58. Jabbar, A. K., Almayyahi, A. R. A., Ali, I. M., & Alnoor, A. (2020). Mitigating uncertainty in the boardroom: Analysis to financial reporting for financial risk COVID-19. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 233-243.‏ https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.233. Go to original source...
    59. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., & Winkler, A.-L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: relating human resource management to employee performance. Human Resource Management Review, 22(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.11.005. Go to original source...
    60. Jones, G. R. (2013). Organizational theory, design, and change. England: Pearson Education Limited.
    61. Kamukama, N., Kyomuhangi, D. S., Akisimire, R., & Orobia, L. A. (2017). Competitive advantage: Mediator of managerial competence and financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 8(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-10-2016-0142. Go to original source...
    62. Khaw, K. W., Alnoor, A., Al-Abrrow, H., Chew, X., Sadaa, A. M., Abbas, S., & Khattak, Z. Z. (2022a). Modelling and evaluating trust in mobile commerce: a hybrid three stage Fuzzy Delphi, structural equation modeling, and neural network approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction,38 (16), 1529-1545.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.2004700. Go to original source...
    63. Khaw, K. W., Alnoor, A., Al-Abrrow, H., Tiberius, V., Ganesan, Y., & Atshan, N. A. (2022b). Reactions towards organizational change: a systematic literature review. Current Psychology, 1-24.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03070-6. Go to original source...
    64. Khaw, K. W., Thurasamy, R., Al-Abrrow, H., Alnoor, A., Tiberius, V., Abdullah, H. O., & Abbas, S. (2021). Influence of generational status on immigrants' entrepreneurial intentions to start new ventures: a framework based on structural equation modeling and multicriteria decision-making. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, (in press). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-04-2021-0141. Go to original source...
    65. Kim, S., Lee J., & Yu K. (2004). Corporate culture and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19 (4), 340-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940410537927. Go to original source...
    66. Kim, Y. & Gao, F.Y. (2010). An empirical study of human resource management practices in family firms in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2095-2119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.509619. Go to original source...
    67. Kreye, M. E., & Perunovic, Z. (2020). Performance in publicly funded innovation networks (PFINs): The role of inter-organisational relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 86, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.11.018. Go to original source...
    68. Ku, E. C. (2022). Developing business process agility: Evidence from inter-organizational information systems of airlines and travel agencies. Journal of Air Transport Management, 103, 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102247. Go to original source...
    69. Kuruvilla, S. (1996). Linkages between industrialization strategies and industrial relations/human resource policies: Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and India. ILR Review, 49(4), 635-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399604900. Go to original source...
    70. Laan, A., Noorderhaven, N., Voordijk, H., & Dewulf, G. (2011). Building trust in construction partnering projects: An exploratory case-study. Journal of purchasing and supply management, 17(2), 98-108.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2010.11.001. Go to original source...
    71. Lee, M. R., & Lan, Y. C. (2011). Toward a unified knowledge management model for SMEs. Expert systems with applications, 38(1), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.025. Go to original source...
    72. Leta, S. D., & Chan, I. C. C. (2021). Learn from the past and prepare for the future: A critical assessment of crisis management research in hospitality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 95, 102915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102915. Go to original source...
    73. Luthans, F., & Stewart, T. I. (1977). A general contingency theory of management. Academy of management Review, 2(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4409038. Go to original source...
    74. Maletič, M., Maletič, D., & Gomiąček, B. (2018). The role of contingency factors on the relationship between sustainability practices and organizational performance. Journal of cleaner production, 171, 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.172. Go to original source...
    75. Milagres, R., & Burcharth, A. (2018). Knowledge transfer in interorganizational partnerships: what do we know? Business Process Management Journal, 25(1), 27-68. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-06-2017-0175. Go to original source...
    76. Ministry of Electricity of Iraq report. (2019). Iraq's electricity tariff reform. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12951.11682. Go to original source...
    77. Moon, H., & Min, D. (2020). A DEA approach for evaluating the relationship between energy efficiency and financial performance for energy-intensive firms in Korea. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, 120283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120283. Go to original source...
    78. Moore, D. R., & McPhail, K. (2016). Strong structuration and carbon accounting: A position-practice perspective of policy development at the macro, industry and organizational levels. Accounting, auditing & accountability journal, 29(7), 1204-1233. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-08-2015-2203. Go to original source...
    79. Mortara, L., & Minshall, T. (2011). How do large multinational companies implement open innovation? Technovation, 31(10-11), 586-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2011.05.002. Go to original source...
    80. Myer, R. A., Conte, C., & Peterson, S. E. (2007). Human impact issues for crisis management in organizations. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 16(5), 761-770. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560710837055. Go to original source...
    81. Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. (2000). Leadership Style, Organizational Culture and Performance: Empirical Evidence from UK Companies. International Journal of Human Resources Management, 11(4), 766-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050075114. Go to original source...
    82. Oke, A., Walumbwa, F. O., & Myers, A. (2012). Innovation strategy, human resource policy, and firms' revenue growth: The roles of environmental uncertainty and innovation performance. Decision sciences, 43(2), 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2011.00350.x. Go to original source...
    83. Oláh, J., Hidayat, Y. A., Dacko-Pikiewicz, Z., Hasan, M., & Popp, J. (2021). Inter-organizational trust on financial performance: proposing innovation as a mediating variable to sustain in a disruptive era. Sustainability, 13(17), 9947.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179947. Go to original source...
    84. Oliver, C. (1990). Determinants of interorganizational relationships: Integration and future directions. Academy of management review, 15(2), 241-265. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1990.4308156. Go to original source...
    85. Olson, E. M., Slater, S. F., Hult, G. T. M., & Olson, K. M. (2018). The application of human resource management policies within the marketing organization: The impact on business and marketing strategy implementation. Industrial Marketing Management, 69, 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.01.029. Go to original source...
    86. Oparanma, A. O. (2010). The Organizational Culture and Corporate Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of African Studies ,3, 34-40.
    87. Örücü, M. Ç. (2015). The role and importance of higher education and psychological counselor education in sustainable education. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 63(63), 231-242.
    88. O'Toole Jr, L. J. (1988). Strategies for intergovernmental management: Implementing programs in interorganizational networks. International Journal of Public Administration, 11(4), 417-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900698808524596. Go to original source...
    89. Pawirosumarto, S., Setyadi, A., & Khumaedi, E. (2017). The influence of organizational culture on the performance of employees at University of Mercu Buana. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 950-963. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-03-2016-0030. Go to original source...
    90. Peláez-León, J. D., & Sánchez-Marín, G. (2021). Socioemotional wealth and human resource policies: effects on family firm performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(1), 109-135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2021-0404. Go to original source...
    91. Petricevic, O., & Verbeke, A. (2019). Unbundling dynamic capabilities for inter-organizational collaboration: The case of nanotechnology. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 26(3), 422-448. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-02-2019-0044. Go to original source...
    92. Pitchay, A. A., Eliz, N. M. A., Ganesan, Y., Mydin, A. A., Ratnasari, R. T., & Thaker, M. A. M. T. (2021). Self-determination theory and individuals' intention to participate in donation crowdfunding. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(3), 506-526. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-08-2020-0424. Go to original source...
    93. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544. Go to original source...
    94. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lee, J. Y. (2003). The mismeasure of man (agement) and its implications for leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 615-656. Go to original source...
    95. Prowse, P., & Prowse, J. (2010). Whatever happened to human resource management performance? International Journal of productivity and performance management, 59(2), 145-162.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401011014230. Go to original source...
    96. Quinn, R. E., & Rohrbaugh, J. (1983). A spatial model of effectiveness criteria: Towards a competing values approach to organizational analysis. Management science, 29(3), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.3.363. Go to original source...
    97. Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous III, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management journal, 31(3), 599-627. Go to original source...
    98. Sadaa, A. M., Ganesan, Y., & Ahmed, M. G. (2020). The effect of earnings quality and bank continuity: the moderating role of ownership structure and CSR. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 1-21.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2020.1858690. Go to original source...
    99. Sadaa, A. M., Ganesan, Y., & Yet, C. E. (2022a). The Effect of Ownership Structure on the Nonperforming Loans in Iraqi Banks (No. jfbr201). Global Academy of Training and Research (GATR) Enterprise. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2022.7.1(6). Go to original source...
    100. Sadaa, A. M., Ganesan, Y., & Yet, C. E. (2022b). The influence of board of directors structure on Iraqi banks credit risk: conceptual paper. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Business (IJAFB) , 7(39), 167-182.‏ https://doi.org/10.55573/IJAFB.073916. Go to original source...
    101. Saide, S., & Sheng, M. L. (2021). Knowledge exploration-exploitation and information technology: crisis management of teaching-learning scenario in the COVID-19 outbreak. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 33(8), 927-942. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2020.1854714. Go to original source...
    102. Sajari, A., Haron, H., Ganesan, Y., & Khalid, A. A. (2022). Factors influencing the level of ethics and integrity in Malaysian public sector. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, (ahead-of-print).‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2021-0256. Go to original source...
    103. Sandberg, H., Alnoor, A., & Tiberius, V. (2022). Environmental, social, and governance ratings and financial performance: Evidence from the European food industry. Business Strategy and the Environment, X(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3259. Go to original source...
    104. Santos, F. C. (2000). Integration of human resource management and competitive priorities of manufacturing strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(5), 610-628. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570010318986. Go to original source...
    105. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
    106. Singer, S. J., Falwell, A., Gaba, D. M., Meterko, M., Rosen, A., Hartmann, C. W., & Baker, L. (2009). Identifying organizational cultures that promote patient safety. Health care management review, 34(4), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e3181afc10c. Go to original source...
    107. Smith, D. (2000). Crisis management teams: issues in the management of operational crises. Risk Management, 2(3), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.rm.8240059. Go to original source...
    108. Takeuchi, N. (2009). How Japanese manufacturing firms align their human resource policies with business strategies: testing a contingency performance prediction in a Japanese context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(1), 34-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802528227. Go to original source...
    109. Tariq, B., Najam, H., Han, H., Sadaa, A. M., Abbasi, A. A., Christopher, N., & Abbasi, G. A. (2021). Examining mobile financial services in Pakistan: Rural and urban perspective with gender as a moderator. In: Al-Emran, M., Shaalan, K. (eds) Recent Advances in Technology Acceptance Models and Theories. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol 335. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64987-6_14. Go to original source...
    110. Toklucu, E., Silman, F., Turan, S., Atasoy, R., & Kalkan, Ü. (2022). The Effects of the Crisis Management Skills and Distance Education Practices of Universities on Student Satisfaction and Organizational Image. Sustainability, 14(10), 5813. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105813. Go to original source...
    111. Tsai, W. (2000). Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of intraorganizational linkages. Strategic Management Journal, 21(9), 925-939. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0266(200009)21:9<925::AID-SMJ129>3.0.CO;2-I. Go to original source...
    112. Turyahebwa, A. (2013). Financial performance in the selected microfinance institutions in Uganda. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 2(5), 43-53.
    113. World Bank. (2019). REPUBLIC OF IRAQ. https://thedocs.worldbank. org/en/doc/388791570664067170-0280022019.
    114. Wu, L. F., Huang, C., Huang, W. C., & Du, P. L. (2019). Aligning organizational culture and operations strategy to improve innovation outcomes: An integrated perspective in organizational management. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 32(2), 224-250. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-03-2018-0073. Go to original source...
    115. Xu, J., & Wu, Y. (2015). Using Twitter in crisis management for organizations bearing different country-of-origin perceptions. Journal of Communication Management, 19(3), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-06-2013-0050. Go to original source...
    116. Yesil, S., & Kaya, A. (2013). The effect of organizational culture on firm financial performance: Evidence from a developing country. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.455. Go to original source...
    117. Zahoor, N., & Al-Tabbaa, O. (2020). Inter-organizational collaboration and SMEs' innovation: A systematic review and future research directions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 36(2), 101109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2020.101109. Go to original source...
    118. Zeb, A., Akbar, F., Hussain, K., Safi, A., Rabnawaz, M. and Zeb, F. (2021). The competing value framework model of organizational culture, innovation and performance. Business Process Management Journal,27(2), 658-683. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2019-0464. Go to original source...
    119. Zheng, W., Yang, B., & McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking Organizational Culture, Structure, Strategy and Organizational Effectiveness: Mediating Role of Knowledge Management. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.06.005. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content