J40 - Particular Labor Markets: GeneralReturn

A frequently discussed topic nowadays, especially in business, marketing or human resources, is the generation gap. Young people have a relatively strong environmental sense, which is also reflected in their choice of employment. When formulating the hypotheses, we proceeded from theories of social capital. Gen Z, which has grown up and matured in a fully digital world, attracts a lot of attention. This is evidenced by the many expert studies on the subject. One important reason for studying the behaviour and attitudes of Gen Z is their significant purchasing power. These people are on the rise or approaching the peak of their professional careers. In this paper, we focus on the topic of sustainability, attitudes towards waste management and electric vehicles. The paper aims to contribute especially to the analysis of the relationship between the declared benefits of the researched topics and the willingness to give up one's comfort to fulfil them. The analysis is based on primary data collected in 2023. The analysis conclusively confirms that the topic of sustainability is important for the young generation. Representatives of Gen Z exhibit a high level of critical thinking in the area of waste sorting and, in particular, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles. They are interested in real environmental benefits. The willingness to give up one's comfort is lower than the declared benefits of the phenomenon.
Implications for Central European audience: This paper addresses the topic of sustainability through the eyes of the young generation, specifically members of Gen Z. This is a topic of great importance for the European economy. The economic sector is forced to respect both EU regulations and the market environment, which, as our research shows, is not always in line with these regulatory interventions. Our research reflects the opinions of the young population in Czechia. Scholars can use the results for follow-up research studies, and so can practitioners in the field of marketing, strategic business orientation or human resources, especially when setting up communication with the young generation.

The article presents the Hungarian results of research conducted in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The main objective of the study was to examine organizational responses to labour shortages and labour retention strategies based on organization size and ownership background. In the theoretical part, we present the general situation of the Hungarian labour market and then discuss the effects of COVID-19 and the Russo-Ukrainian War, followed by labour shortage and retention. Our research was based on a survey of 383 organizations in Central and Eastern European economies, during which four hypotheses were tested. The SPSS 27.0 software package was used to evaluate the results. In the findings, we confirmed that organizations of various ownership and size differ in the means they use to retain labour force and also in the factors that contribute to labour shortages in different positions. As an implication of management and economics, we found that size and ownership affect not only retention strategy as suggested by previous literature but also the factors that contribute to labour shortages in different positions.
Implications for Central European audience: A novel feature of the paper is that it takes into account the effects of organization size and ownership while analysing the consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian War for the first time. It is also the first Hungarian study to investigate the effect of the economic crisis due to the Russo-Ukrainian War on labour retention and labour shortage by size and ownership of organizations. The findings would set a comparison for corporations in Central European countries too.

The complexity and variability of the contemporary labour markets creates the need for continuous improvement of methods used for their description, analysis and forecasting. Looking for a tool that allows for the simultaneous analysis of various aspects of contemporary labour markets, the authors focused their attention on k-partite graph models (with particular emphasis on bipartite graphs). The assessment of the usefulness of models based on bipartite graphs for analysis of regularities occurring on the Polish labour market is the main aim of the paper. The authors studied the regional distribution of the demand for employee competencies and evaluated the specificity of localities and competencies. The concept of bipartite competency schemas is also introduced in the paper. These schemas can be used as models representing strongly related competencies and localities. The usefulness of bipartite competency schemas was confirmed by empirical research presented in the paper. The content of job offers published online formed the main source of data examined. All analyses were performed with the use of the R programming language.